Transdermal therapeutic system and method of use thereof for treating parkinsonism

ABSTRACT

A substantially solvent-free matrix layer containing (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol is produced by adding an active substance to an adhesive solution, coating the resultant active substance-containing adhesive solution onto a suitable sheet, and removing the solvents in a drying process to give said substantially solvent-free matrix layer.

This application is a continuation of pending application Ser. No. 10/936,620 filed on Sep. 7, 2004, which is a division of application Ser. No. 09/647,290 filed on Nov. 28, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,884,434, which is a national stage under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of international application No. PCT/EP99/01795 filed on Mar. 18, 1999, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of German application No. DE 198 14 084 filed on Mar. 30, 1998.

This application contains subject matter related to that of application Ser. No. 11/931,666, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,413,747, titled “Transdermal therapeutic system for treating parkinsonism,” filed on the same date as this application.

Each of the above cited applications is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a transdermal therapeutic system for the treatment of Parkinson's syndrome, comprising a backing layer which is inert to the ingredients of the matrix, a self-adhesive matrix layer containing (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol having the below-indicated formula

in an effective amount, and a protective layer which is to be removed prior to use.

Worldwide about 2.5-3% of the population suffer from so-called Parkinson's syndrome, which breaks out mainly at the age between 58 and 62. The symptoms of this disease manifest themselves in motorial disorders such as trembling, muscle stiffening, vegetative disorders such as increased flow of saliva and tears, disturbed thermoregulation, hypopiesia and functional disorders of bladder and intestine, as well as psychic disorders such as irresoluteness and depressive mood.

Parkinson's syndrome is caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. This leads to the depletion of dopamine in certain cerebral regions, in particular in the brain stem ganglia. The resultant disturbed balance between the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and dopamine is in the end responsible for the symptoms of the disease. A predominance of acetylcholine is responsible for the so-called plus symptoms, and a deficiency of dopamine is responsible for the so-called minus symptoms.

Parkinson's syndrome can therefore be treated with so-called anticholinergics or levodopa. Anticholinergics impede the cholinergic neurotransmission, and levodopa passes, as precursor of dopamine, the blood-brain barrier and is converted in the brain to dopamine.

Another path of treatment of Parkinson's syndrome is the treatment with dopamine receptor agonists. Dopamine agonists are substances which, although structurally different from dopamine, bind to the same receptors and trigger an effect similar to that of dopamine. Due to their molecular structure dopamine receptor agonists have properties which enable them to overcome the blood-brain barrier. In this connection it is advantageous if the substances bind selectively to a subgroup of the dopamine receptors, the D2-receptors, as this decreases side effects. In this connection, the substance (−)-5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol having the above-indicated formula, has proved an especially effective selective D2-agonist.

Due to this compound's half-life and high first-pass effect, oral administration of this substance is, however, very problematic. The short half-life would necessitate frequent intake of the substance, and the high first-pass effect would necessitate high dosage. Whereas the intake frequency may possibly be overcome by an appropriate oral formulation, the problem of high first-pass effect can be solved in principal only by a non-oral administration of the active substance.

A transdermal system designed for the administration of a D2-agonist of the above-indicated formula has already been described in WO 94/07468. This system contains the active substance as hydrochloride in a two-phase matrix which is formed substantially by a hydrophobic polymer material, which is present as a continuous phase, with hydrated silicate dispersed therein for taking up the hydrophilic drug salt, and additionally contains, or may contain, hydrophobic solvents, permeation-enhancing agents and dispersing agents.

This system has the disadvantage that the active substance salt must be mixed with the silicate in aqueous solution, and that an additional emulsifier is necessary to emulsify this aqueous solution with the lipophilic polymer, which is dissolved in an organic solvent—commonly hexane, heptane or ethyl acetate. Due to coating problems, it is much more difficult to manufacture transdermal systems using this emulsion. In addition, for such systems only the salt can be used, since only the salt is sufficiently hydrophilic to be soluble in water.

It is thus the object of the invention to develop systems for (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol avoiding the disadvantages of the system described in WO 94/07468.

In this connection, the invention particularly focuses on optimizing active substance uptake within the system, and skin transfer.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The transdermal therapeutic system according to this invention, of the kind mentioned at the beginning and developed in accordance with the above, is essentially characterized by a matrix on the basis of an acrylate-based or silicone-based non-aqueous polymer adhesive system having a solubility for the free D2-agonist base (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol of >5% (w/w), which matrix is substantially free of inorganic silicate particulates. The solubility is determined at ambient temperature.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawing (FIG. 1) is a plot of amount of (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol permeated versus time.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In their simplest embodiment, the matrix systems are single-phase matrices. They consist of a backing layer, an active substance-containing self-adhesive matrix, and a protective film to be removed prior to use. More complicated embodiments contain multiple-layer matrices that may also contain non-adhesive layers and control membranes.

Polyacrylates are produced by radical polymerization of acrylic acid derivatives or methacrylic acid derivatives, it being quite possible to also use other suitable compounds such as, for example, vinyl acetate, as additional monomers. By selecting corresponding monomers it is possible to give each resultant adhesive specific properties.

It is common to crosslink polyacrylates with multivalent metal ions to enhance the physical properties of the adhesive or adapt it to the given requirements. Said metal ions are mostly used in the form of metal chelates which are soluble in organic solvents. Suitable compounds are, in particular, aluminum acetylacetonate or titanium acetylacetonate.

Silicone adhesives are in most cases polydimethylsiloxanes. However, other organic residues such as, for example, ethyl groups or phenyl groups may in principle be present instead of the methyl groups. Such silicone adhesives are available as one-component adhesives in two variants, as so-called amine-resistant and as non-amine-resistant adhesives. Due to the basic nature of (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol, for a silicone adhesive containing this active substance, amine-resistant adhesives are used.

Such amine-resistant silicone adhesives stand out for their not having free silanol functions. In a special process the Si—OH groups are provided with an alkyl residue. Such adhesives and their production are described in detail in EP 0 180 377.

The adhesive's dissolving capacity for the active substance is an important parameter for the development of matrix systems, as is the mobility of the active substance in the matrix, and its transfer via the contact surface to the skin, which transfer is substantially determined by corresponding distribution coefficients and the skin absorption. This results in a relatively complicated set of influences which have to be taken into account.

In systems wherein the active substance is only partially dissolved the concentration of the dissolved active substance is equal to the saturation concentration and thus has the maximum thermodynamic activity under these conditions. In general, it is, above all, the kind and quantity of the free functional groups in the adhesive which are important for the dissolving capacity of the polyacrylate adhesives. With respect to (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol, however, it was found that the solubility of the free base is largely independent thereof, and lies in the range of between 15-35% (w/w). Such a system must therefore contain the active substance in a concentration of at least 10% (w/w) in order to come sufficiently near to the maximal thermodynamic activity. For the hydrochloride of (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol the solubility in polyacrylates having 5-10% (w/w) is much lower, so that in such systems the active substance is preferably only partially dissolved.

Since, due to its hydrophilic properties, the hydrochloride can pass the barrier of the stratum corneum only poorly, it is necessary in this case to use lipophilic, monovalent acids such as, for example, oleic acid, which, in the patch matrix, partially converts the hydrochloride into the more lipophilic oleate and which, moreover, generally acts as a permeation enhancer in the skin.

Advantageously, the acrylate-based polymer adhesive contains at least two of the following monomers: acrylic acid, acrylamide, hexylacrylate, 2-ethylhexylacrylate, hydroxyethylacrylate, octylacrylate, butylacrylate, methylacrylate, glycidylacrylate, methacrylic acid, methacrylamide, hexylmethacrylate, 2-ethylhexylmethacrylate, octylmethacrylate, methylmethacrylate, glycidylmethacrylate, vinylacetate or vinylpyrrolidone.

Silicone adhesives have a comparatively low dissolving capacity for most active substances. The saturation capacity for the base (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-(propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol is about 5% (w/w), whereas the corresponding salts including the hydrochloride are practically insoluble therein. Thus, in connection with silicone adhesives only the active substance base is suitable. If a suitable substance having an increased solubility for the active substance is admixed to the silicone adhesive, the dissolving capacity for the free base in such matrices can be raised to up to 40% (w/w), for example up to 25% (w/w), without adversely affecting the physical properties of the matrix. Suitable substances are, for example, soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone, copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone and vinylacetate, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, glycerol or fatty acid esters of glycerol, or copolymers of ethylene and vinylacetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone having proved particularly suitable.

About 1.5-5% (w/w) of polyvinylpyrrolidone in an amine-resistant silicone adhesive increases the solubility of (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol to about 10-15% (w/w). This is sufficient to dissolve 10 mg active substance in a 20 cm² large patch having a coat weight of the matrix of 50 g/m². Since with transdermal patch systems one must always assume that only about 50% of the active substance employed will be available during the period of application, given a daily dose in the range of 1-10 mg of the active substance a plaster size of between 2 and 40 cm² can be expected to be sufficient to achieve therapeutic plasma levels.

The polyvinylpyrrolidone dispersed in the silicone adhesive additionally has the advantage that it decreases the so-called cold flow known from silicone adhesives. The term cold flow in this connection means that the matrix behaves like a strongly viscous fluid and thus, through flowing, tends to take up a larger area. This results in the matrix after a certain time taking up a surface which is larger than the backing layer of the patch, and in the patch tending to become agglutinated to the primary packaging material. This advantage of polyvinylpyrrolidone has already been mentioned in EP 0 524 776.

To produce the patches according to this invention, (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol or the hydrochloride is dissolved or suspended in ethanol or in another suitable organic solvent, and is then added to the adhesive solution while stirring. Where the adhesive has a suitable solvent system, the active substance can also be added to the adhesive solution directly. Additional auxiliary substances can be added either to the adhesive solution, the active substance solution or to the active substance-containing adhesive solution. An auxiliary substance which advantageously is added to the active substance solution directly is, for example, an alkaline substance which is suitable for converting the active substance hydrochloride into the free active substance base. More particularly, it is preferred to use alkali metal hydroxide such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, or an alkali metal silicate such as sodium or potassium trisilicate or sodium or potassium metasilicate as the alkaline substance. After the reaction, the solution may optionally be filtered, whereby the reactants, with the exception of the active substance base, are quantitatively practically eliminated. Said reactants are sodium chloride or potassium chloride in the case that sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, respectively, are used, and sodium chloride or potassium chloride and polymeric silicon dioxide in the case that sodium or potassium silicates, respectively, are used. The resultant active substance containing adhesive solution is coated onto a suitable sheet, and the solvents are removed in a drying process. Thereafter, the backing layer of the patch is laminated onto the substantially solvent-free matrix layer, and the patches are punched out of the total laminate.

The permeation properties are advantageously enhanced by permeation enhancers which may be selected from the group of fatty alcohols, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, fatty acid amides, glycerol or its fatty acid esters, N-methylpyrrolidone, terpenes such as limonene, α-pinene, α-terpineol, carvone, carveol, limonene oxide, pinene oxide, 1,8-eucalyptol.

Details of the production and the permeation rates achieved by the finished patches will be given in the examples and the permeation studies. The polyacrylate adhesives mentioned in Examples 1 and 3 are to be understood as examples and may be readily replaced by other acrylate adhesives suitable for medicinal use.

The finished plasters were used in permeation studies utilizing Franz diffusion cells and human epidermis. The results are shown in FIG. 1. It will be seen that all plasters are capable of systemically providing a sufficient amount of active substance through the skin. The present invention demonstrates that in the case of the free bases the active substance release is markedly improved as compared to the use of salts. It will also be seen that the silicone adhesive-based plasters, although having a considerably lower active substance content, deliver approximately the same quantity of active substance via the skin as the systems based on polyacrylate adhesives.

Thus, the systems according to the invention make it possible to administer the necessary daily dose of the dopamine agonist of the structure as indicated above transdermally through the skin by means of a patch having a size of approximately 20 cm². Since the patches can be easily manufactured, and since they deliver the active substance to the skin on their entire matrix surface, and are suitable both for the active substance salts and for the active substance bases, they constitute a considerable improvement over the known systems as described in WO 94/07468.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Polyacrylate system with (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol

66 g of a 50% solution of Eudragit E100 in ethyl acetate are added to 264 g of a solution of a polyacrylate adhesive having a solids content of 50%; after addition of 36 g oleyl alcohol, the mass is homogenized by stirring.

Thereafter, 89.65 g (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol are dissolved in 200 ml methylethylketone and added to the above-mentioned mass while stirring. After homogenization of the mass, it is coated onto a siliconized polyester film using a suitable doctor knife. The thickness of the moist film is adjusted such that after removal of the solvent by drying for 30 minutes at 50° C. a coat weight of 60 g/m² results.

The dried matrix film is then laminated with a 13 μm-thick polyester film. From the resultant patch laminate, the finished patches are punched out at the desired size, and packed in packaging material bags.

The concentration of (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol base in the patch matrix is 30.8%.

Suitable polyacrylate adhesives are, for example, Durotak 387-2051, Durotak 387-2287, Durotak 387-2353, Durotak 387-2516, all of National Starch & Chemical.

The permeation rates through human epidermis under in-vitro conditions are shown in FIG. 1.

Example 2: Silicone system with (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol

18 g (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol dissolved in 40 g ethanol are added to 24 g of a 25% solution of Kollidon 90F and the mass is homogenized. Subsequently, 251 g of a solution of an amine resistant silicone adhesive having a solids content of 70% are added to this mass, and the mass is homogenized by further stirring.

Subsequently, the mass is coated, using a suitable doctor knife, onto a polyester film (Scotchpak 1022) that has been rendered adhesive, at such a thickness that after removal of the solvents by drying for 30 minutes at 50° C. a coat weight of 50 g/m² results.

The dried matrix film is then laminated with a 13-μm-thick polyester film. From the resultant patch laminate the finished patches are then punched out in the desired size, and packed in material bags.

The concentration of (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol base in the patch matrix is 9%.

Suitable amine-resistant silicone adhesives are, for example, BIO-PSA Q7-4301 and BIO-PSA Q7-4201, both by Dow Corning.

The permeation rates through human epidermis achieved under in-vitro conditions are shown in FIG. 1.

Example 3: Polyacrylate system with the hydrochloride of (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol

10 g of the hydrochloride are worked into 70 g polyacrylate adhesive (Durotak 387-2287, solids content 50%, National Starch & Chemical), and subsequently 4 g oleic acid are added. The mass is then coated onto a siliconized polyester film at such a thickness that after the removal of the solvents a coat weight of 60 g/m² results. The solvents are removed by drying for 15-20 minutes at a temperature between 40 and 80° C. Thereafter, the dried matrix layer is laminated with a 12-30 μm thick polyester film, and the patches are punched out.

Example 4

20 g (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol hydrochloride are stirred, together with 8.0 g sodium metasilicate or 9.1 g sodium trisilicate, in 35 ml ethanol for 48 hours, at room temperature. Optionally, the active substance solution is now filtered and 6.0 g polyvinylpyrrolidone (Kollidon F90, Bayer), in the form of a 25% (w/w) solution in ethanol, and 25 g of a 70% solution of an amine-resistant silicone adhesive (Q7-4301, Dow Corning) in heptane are added and the mass is subsequently homogenized by mechanical stirring.

For manufacture of the patch matrix, the mass is subsequently coated onto a suitable film which has been rendered adhesive, and the solvents are removed by drying for 20 minutes at 50° C. The coat weight of the dried matrix film is approximately 50 g².

The dried matrix film is laminated with a 23-μm-thick polyester film. The individual patches are punched out of the complete laminate. If the active substance solution is filtered, the composition of the finished patch corresponds to that of the patch according to Example 2.

Example 5

25 g (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol hydrochloride are stirred, together with 14.7 g sodium metasilicate or 16.8 g sodium trisilicate, in 40 ml ethanol for 48 hours at room temperature. Optionally, the active substance solution is now filtered and 9.2 g oleyl alcohol, 63.2 g of a 52% solution of a polyacrylate adhesive (Durotak 387-2287, National Starch & Chemical) and 22.8 g of a 40% (w/w) solution of Eudragit E100 (Rohm-Pharma) are added, and the mass is subsequently homogenized by mechanical stirring.

For manufacture of the patch matrix, the mass is subsequently coated onto a suitable film which has been rendered adhesive, and the solution is removed by drying for 20 minutes at 50° C. The coat weight of the dried matrix film is approximately 80 g/m².

The dried matrix film is laminated with a 23-μm-thick polyester film. The individual patches are punched out of the complete laminate.

Example 6

20 g (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol hydrochloride are added to an ethanolic NaOH or KOH solution which contains equimolar quantities of base (2.27 g NaOH, respectively 3.19 g KOH).

Preferably, the solution has a concentration of 1.5 mol/l. The conversion of the active substance salt takes place within minutes, whereby the greatest part of the NaCl formed precipitates and the active substance base dissolves completely. Optionally, a buffer solution is now added to the active substance solution in order to remove possible excess base.

Likewise optionally, the active substance solution can now be filtered; 6.0 g polyvinylpyrrolidone (Kollidon F90, Bayer) in the form of a 25% solution (w/w) in ethanol and 250 g of a 70% solution of an amine-resistant silicone adhesive (Q7-4301, Dow Corning) in heptane are added, and the mass is subsequently homogenized by mechanical stirring.

For manufacture of the patch matrix, the mass is then coated onto a suitable film which has been rendered adhesive, and the solvents are removed by drying for 20 minutes at 50° C. The coat weight of the dried matrix film is approximately 50 g/m².

The dried matrix film is laminated with 23-μm-thick polyester film. The individual patches are punched out of the complete laminate. If the active substance solution is filtered, the composition of the finished patch corresponds to that of the patch according to Example 2.

Example 7

Analogously to Example 6, 25 g (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol hydrochloride are reacted with 2.84 g NaOH, respectively 3.99 g KOH, in ethanolic solution. As in Example 6, optionally a buffer is added to the active substance solution, respectively the solution is filtered, and subsequently 9.2 g oleyl alcohol, 63.2 g of a 52% solution of a polyacrylate adhesive (Durotak 387-2287, National Starch & Chemical) and 22.8 g of a 40% (w/w) solution of Eudragit E100 (Rohm-Pharma) are added, and the mass is then homogenized by mechanical stirring.

For manufacturing the patch matrix, the mass is subsequently coated onto a suitable film which has been rendered adhesive, and the solvents are removed by drying for 20 minutes at 50° C. The coat weight of the dried matrix film is approximately 80 g/m².

The dried matrix film is laminated with a 23-μm-thick polyester film; the individual plasters are punched out of the complete laminate. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) comprising a self-adhesive matrix that comprises an acrylate-based or silicone-based polymer adhesive system having distributed therein (−)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-[propyl-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]amino]-1-naphthalenol free base in an amount of about 5% to 40% by weight of the matrix.
 2. The TTS of claim 1, wherein the matrix is substantially solvent-free.
 3. The TTS of claim 1, wherein the adhesive system is acrylate-based, comprising a polymer containing at least two types of monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, acrylamide, hexylacrylate, 2-ethylhexylacrylate, hydroxyethylacrylate, octylacrylate, butylacrylate, methyl-acrylate, glycidylacrylate, methacrylic acid, methacrylamide, hexylmethacrylate, 2-ethylhexylmethacrylate, octylmethacrylate, methylmethacrylate, glycidyl-methacrylate, vinylacetate and vinylpyrrolidone, at least one of said types being an acrylic or methacrylic acid derivative.
 4. The TTS of claim 1, said TTS being of sufficient size, when applied to skin of a subject, to administer a daily dose of the free base and to achieve thereby a therapeutic level of the free base.
 5. The TTS of claim 4, wherein the size of the TTS is 2 to 40 cm².
 6. The TTS of claim 4, wherein the size of the TTS is approximately 20 cm².
 7. The TTS of claim 1, wherein the free base is present in the matrix in an amount that makes available for transdermal delivery a 1-10 mg dose of the free base.
 8. The TTS of claim 1, wherein the matrix layer has a coat weight of approximately 50 g/m².
 9. The TTS of claim 1, wherein the free base is present in the matrix layer in an amount of approximately 0.45 mg/cm².
 10. The TTS of claim 1, wherein the adhesive system is silicone-based, comprising (a) an amine-resistant polydimethylsiloxane adhesive wherein methyl groups are optionally replaced by ethyl or phenyl groups, and (b) an additive having increased solubility for the free base, in an amount effective to increase dissolving capacity of the matrix for the free base.
 11. The TTS of claim 1, wherein the free base is present in an amount of about 5% to 25% by weight.
 12. The TTS of claim 1, wherein the free base is present in an amount of about 5% to about 15% by weight.
 13. The TTS of claim 1, wherein the free base is present in an amount of approximately 9% by weight.
 14. The TTS of claim 1, wherein the silicone adhesive is amine-resistant.
 15. The TTS of claim 1, wherein the silicone-based adhesive system comprises BIO-PSA Q7-4301 or BIO-PSA Q7-4201.
 16. The TTS of claim 10, wherein the additive comprises polyvinylpyrrolidone, a copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone and vinyl acetate, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, glycerol, a fatty acid ester of glycerol and/or a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate.
 17. The TTS of claim 10, wherein the additive comprises polyvinylpyrrolidone in an amount of about 1.5-5% by weight of the matrix.
 18. The TTS of claim 17, wherein the polyvinylpyrrolidone is present in an amount of about 1.5% to 3% by weight of the matrix.
 19. The TTS of claim 17, wherein the polyvinylpyrrolidone is of type 90F. 